Do the Advantages Out Weigh the Disadvantages of Language...

Do the Advantages Out Weigh the Disadvantages of Language Development in Bilingual Children Versus Monolingual Children? Developmental Psychology Reason behind study: The reason I chose to study language development between bilingual and monolingual children is while reading our text book,(Lifespan Development, Denise Boyd and Helen Bee, Fifth Edition, 2003, 2006, 2009, p.137); It discussed the advantages and disadvantages of being raised speaking two languages versus one single language. Our texts states that there are many advantages and disadvantages to being bilingual and ask’s if the advantages out weigh the disadvantages later in life? Obviously, the big advantage of speaking a second language is how marketable that†¦show more content†¦I wanted to see if the children would remember what each letter stood for at the end of the story. This was also done in private with each child separately. These questions were asked directly after the story, and the following day without reading the story ï ¬ rst. I also had the parents’ of the bilingual children randomly ask question in english to see what language their children preferred to respond with, this was done through out the weekend. After reading the story we went to Loriella park so I could observe how the children interacted with each other an d what language the bilingual children preferred to use when at play. Procedure Results: As I observed the older children at play and during lunch, at both the park and at the home, the response was the same for both environments. I noticed that the bilingual children spoke to each other in spanish and when they had questions, asked their parents’ the questions in spanish. The parents explained to me that they usually did this because they were being shy, or they were confused about something. When the school — agers’ spoke to the monolingual children it was usually in english. Occasionally, they would misplace an english word for a spanish word. When the toddlers’ would interact with each other, the bilingual children would talk mixing their language and the monolingual children would usually

Cruise to The Bahamas - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 850 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Cruise to The Bahamas During my junior year in high school me, my mom and some of her friends went on a cruise to the Bahamas. It was a three day cruise leaving Miami going to Nassau, Bahamas which is their capital. It was a Thursday night in May 2008 and we had a flight to catch to Miami. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cruise to The Bahamas" essay for you Create order Even though the boat didn’t leave till the next day in the afternoon, it was best to get there early in case you missed your flight because most cruises aren’t refundable. We ending up flying to Fort Lauderdale airport which was not that far from our hotel which was in Miami. When we touched down in Florida it was beautiful. I’ve been to Florida before but it was when I was young so I didn’t remember anything. It was night time and the palm trees was so pretty and the weather was perfect, especially since I was coming from Michigan. We ended up staying at the hotel which was not to far from the carnival porting dock. When I woke up that friday I was super excited because I knew that I was leaving the country and going to Paradise. We did some shopping in the morning but we had to be on the cruise by four p. m. When the cab pulled up to the boat my jaw dropped. It was a carnival cruise ship that I thought was the size of the titanic. We boarded the ship and went to our room to relax. The ship had more than thirteen floors and multiple decks and pools. The first day I got lost each time I had to go back to my room because the ship was that big. First they had a life jacket drill which just explained what to do if something was too ever happen to the ship. After that that’s when the deck party began. They had karaoke, dancing and just little meet greet activates. Next thing you knew it was time for bed and then the next morning is when I woke up in the Bahamas. I thought I was dreaming because it looked like a scene from a movie or a picture from a calendar. We ate breakfast then finally stepped foot on the actual Bahamas land. The weather was perfect. Next thing you know, a whole bunch of tour guiders starting coming at you like crazy. I thought I was Brittney Spears and they were the paparazzi. They were offering us to go on tours but they started becoming really annoying. We just ignored them and kept on walking. We walked around the Nassau. We went to stores and their version of a flea market which was cool because I grabbed a lot of deals on souvenirs for my family and friends back home. Later in the afternoon we decided to go on the tour. Not everything is the Bahamas is nice. We went to the hood/ghetto and saw how the people lived. Then the tour guider took us to the Atlantis which is a hotel resort with their own private beaches. We walked in the hotel then we went to the beach. The water was so beautiful and clear. I could see the nail art on my toes in the water very clear. We didn’t go very deep in the water because we didn’t want to get our hair wet. In Nassau the shop’s closed early so we ended up going to the mall which reminded me of Northland Mall. Later that night we had to get dressed up for the captains dinner. We met the captains and ate five star meals. It was really nice and we also took professional pictures. They had numerous backdrops to choose from. My mother and my auntie ended up leaving the ship that night and going to a club in Nassau, but I was only seventeen so I couldn’t go so I just sat in the room and walked around the boat. The ship deported at 5 am and I heard a guy got left because he did not make it on he ship in time. Anyways that Sunday was called â€Å"fun day at sea† which was the whole entire day on the sea being on the ship. It looked like we were in the middle of no where but they had so many activities going on for all ages so you couldn’t get bored. I ended up going to the Jacuzzi but somehow it became a pool for little kids which made me irritated because they kept on splashing so I just sat and chilled on the lounge chairs. The night started winding down and we ended up packing our stuff. That Monday morning was our last day on the ship. It was time to go home. I would recommend a cruise to anyone because it lets you go out of the country and its affordable. It was a nice experience. The next cruise I go on will be longer because I really enjoyed myself.

Lateral Violence And Workplace Essay - 1556 Words

Lateral Violence and Workplace Incivility Introduction The lateral violence comes in many forms and in many ways, such as abuse in the workplace that occur between colleagues, it can be verbal or nonverbal aggression, intimidation, bullying, harassment, discrimination, stereotyping, gossiping, criticism, and other related mistreatment behavior at work. Institutional lateral violence also happens between manager and subordinate where they can use their higher position to perpetrate assault to their subordinate such as acts of lasciviousness, shouting, anger outburst, forced overtime request, giving work beyond the job description, work overload, over blaming or insulting a staff and more. All these happen occasionally because of the lack of respect in the workplace and it comes without notice, especially in healthcare practices where the nature of work is tough and decision making must be made immediately. At the same time, workplace incivility happens between colleagues and between manager and subordinates, it is happening almost every day in healthcare settings such as in hospital and clinics where workers are directly uncivil to disrespect each other. For instance, when a nurse is deviant or does not follow the supervisor intensely because of differences in opinion or an act of retaliation when the manager is being rude, treating their staff with rough words, discourtesy, and lack respect to his staff, there are also times when the uncivil behavior is not intentional orShow MoreRelatedLateral Violence in the Workplace1270 Words   |  6 PagesLateral violence in the workplace Lona A Smeltzer Southern New Hampshire University Lateral violence in the workplace Abstract This paper explores five published articles as they relate to the concept of Lateral violence (LV) within the nursing profession and how it directly affects the work environment. The concept of LV is also known as abusive behavior, horizontal violence, bullying, aggression, horizontal hostility, verbal abuse or â€Å"nurses eating their young†. There are fourRead MoreThe Effects Of Lateral Violence On The Workplace1159 Words   |  5 Pageswithin many professions in today’s society. Often referred to as lateral violence, this occurrence is no exception in the nursing profession. It is also known as ‘horizontal violence’ or ‘workplace bullying (Coursey, Rodriguez, Dieckmann, Austin, 2013). In this evidenced-based paper, information will be provided in an effort to identify causes of lateral violence in the workplace and how to encourage civility. Lateral violence is defined as acts that occur between colleagues wherein, bullyingRead MoreLateral Workplace Violence : Effective, Destructive, Or Harassment Behavior1344 Words   |  6 Pages Lateral workplace violence is described as aggressive, destructive, or harassment behavior in the workplace between nurses or other members of the interprofessional team (Yoder-Wise, 2015). This type of behavior can occur within every aspect of life including professional, social, and personal life. The behavior can include gossiping, withholding information, or ostracism extending outside of the workplace and can occur in person or in cyberspace (American Nursing Association, 2011). LateralRead MoreWorkplace Bullying Can Take On Many Forms. Lateral Violence845 Words   |  4 Pages Workplace bullying can take on many forms. Lateral violence among nurses is a common example of workplace mistreatment, which affects individual nurses, patient’s care, and the ethical climate of an organization. In 2008, The Joint Commission released a sentinel alert addressing lateral violence, stating, â€Å"Intimidating and disruptive behaviors can foster medical errors, contribute to poo r patient satisfaction and to preventable adverse outcomes, increase the cost of care, and cause qualified cliniciansRead MoreDifference Between Violence And Lateral Violence Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesCivility and Lateral Violence in Nursing Lateral violence is a devastating phenomenon in the nursing workplace. It is also known as ‘horizontal violence’ or ‘workplace bullying (Coursey, Rodriguez, Dieckmann, Austin, 2013). In this evidenced-based paper there will be information provided to figure out why there is lateral violence in the workplace and how to incorporate civility. Lateral violence refers to acts that occur between colleagues, where bullying is described as acts perpetrated byRead MoreCivility And Lateral Violence Within Nursing1068 Words   |  5 PagesCivility and Lateral Violence in Nursing Civility in the work place, or the lack thereof, has been identified as a growing problem within many professions in today’s society. Often referred to as lateral violence, this occurrence is no exception in the nursing profession. It is also known as ‘horizontal violence’ or ‘workplace bullying (Coursey, Rodriguez, Dieckmann, Austin, 2013). In this evidenced-based paper, information will be provided in an effort to identify causes of lateral violence in theRead MoreWhat Is Lateral Violence Within The Nursing Profession?1690 Words   |  7 Pagesattacking all types of violence, many researchers have exposed violence in the healthcare setting. Also referred to as workplace bullying, lateral violence, is a specific type of workplace violence that is exceedingly present in the nursing profession. Lateral violence could be considered an antonym of the terms spoken of above as it discourages their existence among nurses and other health professionals. For this reason, it is important to bring to focus the issue of lateral violence within the nursingRead MoreLateral Violence As A Non Physical Act1368 Words   |  6 PagesLateral violence is described as a non-physical act occurring between individuals and is intended to hurt another person emotionally. It may be a secretive or noticeable act of verbal or non-verbal hostility. The actions can extend exterior to the place of work and can be perpetrated individually or in cyberspace. Within the nursing community, lateral violence is described as aggression behaviors amongst nurses. The most common forms of lateral violence in the nursing practice include: underminingRead MoreLateral Violence Has On The Work Environment, Teamwork, And Patient Care1018 Words   |  5 PagesLateral violence also known as horizontal violence, incivility, or bullying has been a phenomenon researched for over three decades according to nursing researchers. This paper aims to discuss the impact that lateral viole nce has on the work environment, teamwork, self esteem, and patient care. Lateral violence is a phenomenon that has negative implications on the nursing profession due to the fact it can be avoided but still occurs. Lateral violence has been defined as any unwanted abuse or hostilityRead MoreThe Effects Of Lateral Violence On The Nursing Field936 Words   |  4 Pagesis lateral violence in the workplace. Norris (2010) describes lateral violence as, â€Å"the act of threatening, humiliating, or actually inflicting physical, mental or emotional harm on a peer or group† (p. 1). This topic has become critical in the nursing field because it impacts a very large demographic. Lateral violence affects nurses, patients, and the healthcare system as a whole and there are many techniques being put in place to try and prevent its existence. Targets of Lateral Violence Lateral

Evaluation Of Honey, I Warped The Kids - 975 Words

Evaluation of â€Å"Honey, I Warped the Kids† By Hung V. Tran Carl M. Cannon reasons in â€Å"Honey, I Warped the Kids† in the Utne Reader that violence on television must be suppressed due to its effects on human behavior. This evaluation will show that though the author makes some good use of statistical findings, he leaves many holes in his argument by not thoroughly discussing opposing opinions. Cannon systematically lists the studies and opinions of others who agree with him and does not discuss opposing positions. In content, first Cannon discusses the sociological interest in the subject of television violence and mentions that â€Å"the first congressional hearings took place in 1954† (95). He follows that with a list of studies that prove a†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"For the past 22 years, says Cannon, they found, adults and children have been entertained by about sixteen violent acts, including two murders, in each evening s prime-time programming† (96). The statistics in the NBC study, which are touted by well-meaning critics, contradict themselves. The study claims on the one hand that violence desensitizes children; on the other, that it also incites more violence. In spite of this ambivalent evidence, Cannon s research is deliberate and narrow-minded in intention, using only what he needs to support his own point of view and ignoring the NBC evidence. In point of fact, it is arguable that images do not spill blood, but rather rage, desperation, and revenge, especially when they are equipped with guns. According to Todd Gitlin, there were 36,000 murders, accidents, and suicides committed by gunshots in the United States in 1992 alone (93). Honey, I Warped the Kids† seems at first to be a reasonable article. While one reads this article one may be convinced, thinking that statistics alone can decide the fate of their children. However, if an opposing viewpoint had been better represented, the casual reader may not have come to the same conclusion as C annon. Someone who disagrees with the article â€Å"Honey, I Warped the Kids may find Cannon s position quite troubling. Gitlin says, It’s dark out there in the

Fast Food and the Obesity Epidemic in America Essay

Obesity is an epidemic in America, greatly impacting youth, the health care system, and economically vulnerable populations. Among all of the high-income countries in the world, obesity rates remain the highest in the US. According to Harvard, US obesity rates have more than doubled since 1980, although they have remained the same since 2003. (Harvard School of Public Health) Approximately 31.9% of children and adolescents from the ages of 2 to 19 are obese or overweight (NPLAN), while roughly 69% of adults fall into the category of overweight or obese. (Harvard School of Public Health) With obesity rates this high, America is facing a huge crisis that could become greater in the future. In order to understand the issue of Obesity in†¦show more content†¦(Gale) However, health issues are not the only challenges an overweight child or adolescent often faces. Obese children often must also deal with many psychological and emotional challenges such as a loss of self-esteem, de pression, anxiety. Not only can obesity in childhood create difficulties with social development and interfere with education, but it can also create the opportunity for the children to become victims of harassment and bullying. In addition, as pre-teens hit puberty, obesity can become especially challenging. (Gale) A girl’s concerns about her appearances increase as her body develops and she becomes more aware of society’s views of the â€Å"perfect body† as portrayed in the media. Obesity also allows pre-teen girls to be more susceptible to developing an eating disorder, such as anorexia, bulimia, or binge eating. Crash diets or over-excercising can also become an option to pre-teen girls facing obesity. (Gale) From physical to psychological consequences, obesity in children can be especially dangerous for their well-being. Although obesity rates in children and adolescents are over half less than obesity rates in adults, many children are still at high risk. The rates can increase if changes are not made over time and for many, it will develop into adult obesity. Obesity in adults is found, similarly to obesity in children and adolescents, throughShow MoreRelatedThe Obesity Epidemic in America Essays1082 Words   |  5 Pages Obesity among Americans has been a growing issue in the United States predominantly over the past decade. Many may argue American’s are obese because of poor food choices, over-eating, genetic disposition, lack of exercise, or the environment which one lives, while others blame it all on fast-food chains and restaurants. Throughout my research I have come to find a lot of facts and statistics about fast food consumption causing obesity. Statistics show that without a doubt the United States isRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic : Obesity Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe obesity epidemic proves to be an issue in America and continues to grow with time. In simple terms, obesity is a disorder where the subject has increasing amounts of fat, leading to health problems in the future. This epidemic has steadily increased in American bodies for decades and researchers have tried to find the root causes of this problem. Though there is controversy as to what is the primary cause of this rising epidemic, it is clear that there are many factors that contribute to theRead MoreObesity Is The Highest Percentage Of Obesity Among All Countries1373 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica has the highest percentage of obesity among all countries. This is not very surprising given that fast food restaurants can be found on nearly every block. These unhealthy foods are far less expensive and more convenient for many people. Though less people are paying less money for their food, the outcome is not worth it. According to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, it is predicted that the annual amount of money spent on obesity will hit $580 billion by 2030 if obesity continues to increaseRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Weight Loss1667 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity Epidemic in America There are a lot of different opinions and strong emotions when it comes to the topic of obesity and weight loss. America, home of the free and land of the obese. According to CNBC, nearly two-thirds of American adults are either overweight or obese. Childhood obesity is triple what it was some decades ago. The obesity plague in America costs the nation as much as $147 billion and an indescribable number of lives every year. TogetherRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Obesity828 Words   |  3 PagesHills, A., et.al., eds. (2007). Children, Obesity Exercise. New York: Routledge. Americas children are not getting enough exercise, and the health risks due to obesity are becoming epidemic in nature. Even First Lady Michelle Obama is supporting an initiative to help children become more active and to provide for exercise (at least 30-60 minutes per day) in all schools. Even limited amounts of exercise can have great health benefits. When humans exercise, the brain produces chemicals that helpRead MoreFast Food Essay816 Words   |  4 Pages Obesity is a major food epidemic. This food epidemic has become so global that it is a leading death cause in America. Many Americans have vouched for a sedentary lifestyle due to their unhealthy eating habits. What they do not realize is the unhealthy food choices that they make now will affect them in the future. The food industry is a major contributor to this. The food industry is affecting the health of future generations due to how easy it is for people to access and their over consumptionRead MoreObesity Epidemic a nd Lack of Government Intervention Essay1085 Words   |  5 PagesIs the lack of government regulation causing an obesity epidemic? In America fast food is a staple of many people’s diets. As a result, the United States is now faced with a serious obesity epidemic that continues to grow worse every year. Along with impacting the economy, some of the impacts on people are cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and strokes which are all linked to obesity. According to the CDC, â€Å"The US Department of Health and Human Services discovered that the combination of a poor dietRead MoreObesity : Becoming An Epidemic Problem Essay1437 Words   |  6 Pagesto get this fat. Not eating healthy foods, sleeping all day after school, and not being psychically active were the reasons why I got obese. Being overweight was the careless path I chose to go at the time, until I decided to lose weight and start eating right, staying active and being aware. It completely changed my views on the serious epidemic problem we face today in the united states with obesity. Obesity has become an epidemic problem in the U.S. Obesity is the  condition  of  being  very  fatRead MoreIs A Fax Tax Really Necessary?1408 Words   |  6 Pagestopic of putting a tax on junk food, most of us will readily agree that it would help the obesity problem in America. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of taxing those foods and drinks that contain a lot of fat and sugar. Whereas some are convinced that it would help America tackle the obesity problem. Others maintain that it would just end up hurting America in many different other ways besides obesity. The current population of America would agree that having a tax onRead MoreObesity And The American Health Care System914 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is an epidemic that is putting uncomfortable strains on the American health care system. With just under two-thirds of the American adult population being overweight or obese, a lot of time and effort has gone into uncovering the caus es of this rise in the weights of American citizens. Several theories have been developed to help solve the mystery of America’s rising size. Obesity cannot be traced back to a single factor, but rather many aspects have contributed to the rise of obesity in

Marilyn Manson Essay Example For Students

Marilyn Manson Essay Marilyn Manson has greatly effected the world. He is a wonderful shock-rock entertainer and I love him. Im not saying everyone should. Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, but I find him to be one of the most entertaining acts around today. blah blah blah hsd hs hs hs hs hs hs hs hs hs hs h s i k d k d k s d n f k l s d k n f s l d kfn ds fk nds f lk d s nf ;slkds nflk dsf lknd sd flkn sdf lk s d n f l knsdf ioewrnre onradivadlfkvn adfvthis is gay why do I have to submit a paper if I am looking for one. blah blah blah blah blahhhh. Anywhore. did I mention how stupid this is. I have to keep typing until I get to at least 250 words. nice huh? but yes marilyn manson is a god. He is not THE most gothic entertainer, and infact I dont even considerhim gothic. hes just shock. and its great. it pisses off my parents and that is all that counts. okay i think this is at least 250 words by now. nope. not yet. type type type type type type type hah hah hah hah hah hah fun fun funf unf unf ufn funf ufn funf mo e r r e n oe r neo r m o enr e o mn rn eo Shcoien. la la la la la la la la la la la olal al al al al ala la la al al al al al al al al l a la l al al al ala lalalalal al la l alal al al ajason is hot la la la la la lala la al al alalalalalallla la llalalalal aal al al ala la la alal alal al al ala la l la al lala al ll a l ala

Channel Integration free essay sample

In the world of Sales and Distribution Management, it is imperative to have upstream partners like logistics , distributor , retailers , transporter and whole sellers to effectively sell the products manufactured by a company . Channel integration is a collaborative effort to bring together all these partners into the system and integrate the efforts so that all the partners are benefited out of it. By using the concepts of Channel Integration, rather than the traditional methods of distribution the organisations save on transaction costs and have better control over the partners. This concept also closely relates to the Supply Chain Management and better management of downstream partners. Importance of Channel Integration As has been suggested in the previous paragraphs , the concept of Channel Integration helps us reduce the transaction cost and enjoy better control over the channel members . SCM concepts of Collaborative Planning ,Replenishment and Forecasting (CPFR) apply to the Channel integration. Experts suggest that there is a cost saving to the tune of 10-15% by using channel integration. Channel integration provides sustainable competitive advantage by using the following concepts: †¢ It bridges gaps between the consumption and production . The gaps that can be bridged include but are not limited to quantity gap , space gap time gap and variety gaps †¢ Since the manufacturer can have real time information of the consumption on distributor and retailer front , it helps him plan the inventory and production levels , thus preventing the stock pile at the retailer , distributor or the manufacturer level. Channel integration is useful in the international and the exports markets as well †¢ Channel Integration helps build a strong relationship between the channel members and helps each exploit the advantage the other holds in the market . This concept is built along the lines of exploiting horizontal as well as vertical integration in the channel †¢ Channel Integration by virtue of controlling the inventory levels at all stages of integration , prevents and avoids the issues of stock outs . Issues like over stocking and Bull whip effect can also be effectively dealt with the using this. Channel integration helps in reduction of transaction cost and have great control over entire process by elimination of individual vested interests and working towards common goals. †¢ As different channel members have different degree of experience and expertise. If all of them work together for common purpose then it can lead to becoming a very efficient distribution system. †¢ Successful integration work as barrier to entry in market as it provides competitive advantage to the company and helps in reduction of sales due to stock out situations. Integrated channel also helps in doing sales promotion and campaigns for increasing sales. Manufacture and channel can forge a relationship and strike a good balance on need and timings of promotion. †¢ An integrated channel strategy also works a successful marketing strategy against its co mpetitors and helps to win competition. Vertical Marketing System In Vertical Marketing system, channel is controlled by one of the channel members and the manufacturer, distributor and retailers vertically integrate to form a marketing system. The member join together for the mutual benefit and helps the companies to control the changing market conditions. Vertical Marketing systems or VMS allows better cooperation between the channel members and reduces conflicts . Good examples of companies successfully completing VMS are Mc Donalds and Wendy. Vertical Marketing System can be further subdivided into Corporate VMS, Adminstered VMS and contractual VMS. Corporate VMS In a corporate VMS , the VMS is owned and controlled by the manufacturer. Since control is in the hands of the company , it develops the key strategies to properly coordinate the VMS. When the company runs the VMS at the retailer or distributor level , this is known as the forward integrated VMS. Certain factors help the company decide if the company should develop Corporate VMS . Following are the factors which decide the same †¢ The cost involved †¢ Price competition †¢ Manufacturing capacity †¢ Value addition †¢ Product sustainability †¢ Environmental uncertainty †¢ Coordination and team selling †¢ Transaction size Administered VMS In this type of VMS , no member exercises complete over the channel . This type of the VMS is used by companies who are into traditional distribution system. In administered VMS, level of control is more than traditional system but less than corporate VMS. This type of system is mainly popular in retail sector as lately importance of retailers has increased in trade. Retailers in this system work closely with manufacturer and helps in development of new products designs, quality control and delivery schedule. Retailers have got greater bargaining power in this system. The foundation of this system is longevity and stability of relation between manufacturer and retailer. Relations are usually long term. These types of systems are prevalent in grocery, apparel and finished goods sector. The need for administered VMS arises due to following factors: 1. Good product quality 2. Very agile delivery schedules 3. Joint product development 4. Need based delivery system 5. Strong company brand and image Contractual VMS In this type of VMS, companies enter in to contact with channel members for performing channel functions. In this type of systems all entities are independent yet they work together towards common goal. This type of arrangement can be utilized either to exploit marketing capabilities or to exploit resources available with partners. One primary need for such arrangement is to have sound knowledge of legal and contractual clauses so that all situations can be mentioned in contract. This requires thorough understanding of business and repercussions in case of non-delivery. Contract requires mentioning all deliverables, SLA and also penalty clause in case of non-performance. Most of organization works through this type of system by outsourcing their activities. Horizontal Marketing Systems In this system, channels at same level work together to harness opportunity available in market by pooling in their joint resources and skills. This arrangement helps to complement each other by skills which everyone may not have so by being together a consortium is having all required skills and knowledge to become successful in market. It may be technology, money or marketing knowledge. Such arrangements usually take form of JV or strategic alliances. For successful integration it is likely to have four mix ups which are operational, intellectual, social and emotional. Operational integration means standardization of manufacturing and marketing processes. Intellectual integration includes sharing of information at all levels so that gaps can be minimized and knowledge can be used. Social and emotional integration means that employees at same level in all organizations work together and collaborate to achieve a single goal. This type of system is quite successful in pharma, research development and retailing segments. As advance research requires lot of knowledge and skill such arrangement helps to share the same across board and achieve objective with lesser cost and higher speed. Hybrid Channel Systems Hybrid channels systems is merger of two or more type of systems like Vertical and horizontal system. Many companies to beat competition resort to multiple channel system like direct selling, channel selling, internet selling and telemarketing. Main purpose for implementing such system is to overcome difficulties faced due to different and large boundaries, different behaviour shown by customers and difficult territories. Also target of achieving higher sales continuously push to go for new means of achieving the same. Different steps in developing hybrid channel involve identification of determinants, identification of channel mix and selection of channel. After this comparing the outcome of channel with that of planned one and then analyse results. Distributor Advisory Council It is necessary to motivate channel so that best performance can be achieved. To motivate them, it is important to understand their issues and needs to that same can be taken care of. It is work of Distributor advisory council to determine needs and problems of channel and apprise the same to manufacturer for appropriate action. Advisory council encourage sharing of information between channel and manufacturer. It also motivates channel to provide inputs in planning process and improve overall working. Personal relation and strong relationship also helps to engage in channel members. Company should also try to provide enough incentive to channel so that they can improve sales by putting in extra efforts and lowering costs. Modifying Channel Arrangement Most of the companies think that Once the Channel setup is in place, then there is no need to do any changes in the channel setup. As same channel setup can be used in all the time and all situations. But this thought process is not right, different situations required different channel arrangement. We can discuss the how different situations can have impact on Channel arrangement. Product Lifecycle Changes: Different distribution strategy is required for product Based on the Product life cycle stage of the product. Even for the same product, different distribution strategy is required at the different stages of PLC. As in the early stage, the motivation of the distributor to sell a product will be low as compared to the product in growth stage. Also in the early stage the Distribution should be selective in the early stage of PLC and later when the products enter the growth stage then extensive distribution stragety is to be used. There will be one point of influx when distribution strategy is to be changed from selective to extensive. Customer driven refinement of existing channels Based on the consumer behaviour study, it is found that with time there are changes in the customer expectation from same product. For example, the products and services which used to be luxury 10 years back are now commodities. So earlier companies if were able to perform even missing on some particular distribution channel, but because of change in expectation, it becomes necessary to be available on those channels.. Companies need to take into consideration for these changes and modify their distribution strategy. If companies will not modify their distribution strategy with time, then it will become difficult to survive in the competing environment. For example now Online retail has been so popular, if any company is not concentrating on this channel, then it will be difficult to survive in near future. Growth of multi-channel marketing systems Earlier, companies used to rely on one distribution channel for reaching to the customer, but because of changing environment and consumer behaviour, no company can rely on only one kind of distribution channel. Companies are trying to use different distribution channel to reach the customer. Earlier companies were using only tradition distribution system(Distributor -gt; Wholesaler -gt; Retailer -gt; Customer) , but with Modern Trade into picture, companies have started putting emphasis on this distribution channel also. Looking at the exmples of Developed economies where Modern Trade constitutes of more than 80% of the Sales, it is evident that in Future, Modern Trade will take a major share of the overall sales. Managing Channel Relationship Once the distribution system is in place and different channels are established, then organization needs to maintain the channel relationships. It is an important part of the Sales and Distribution because good relationship will not be maintained with channel members, and then it can impact the company’s objective. Cooperation and Coordination AS each channel member have a different role in the overall strategy of the company. So It is the companies responsibility that all channel members should work in-sync with each other. Different channel members should co-operate and co-ordinate with other channel members, so that overall objective of growth for the company can be achieved. Conflict As the organization goal is to achieve higher customer reach and growth for all the channel members. But it is possible that some channel members work in way which help them grow at the expense of other channel members. This can have a negative impact on the overall company strategy. In such scenario companies have to intervene and resolve the conflict. There are two stages of the conflict Perceptual Stage: When it is perceived that there is some conflict on-going between different channel members. Manifest Stage: Once it is know that conflict exist then, company will take some corrective action to resolve the conflict. This stage is called as manifest stage of the conflict. Power A channel member’s capability of changing the behaviour of other channel members can be termed as the channel power. If one channel members have some resource which is required by other channel members, then the channel member having resource can exert power on other. This is not a good situation for the company. There are basically five types of power viz. Coercive power, Expert Power, Legitimate power, Referent power and Reward power. Coercive power is exercised by one channel partner, when he has ability to get the things done from other. It can be exercised either by decreasing profit margins or by withdrawing the rights given earlier. Expert power is enjoyed by channel when he has expertise or special knowledge about product or market. He may have gained it by attending special trainings or by having long period of experience in industry. Legitimate power can be granted by way of exclusive contract which one channel member may have. This contract gives him extra power and rights over the other channel members. Referent power is derived by channel based on his relationship with other channel members or manufacturer based on previous history. Channel may be well known in market for its reputation etc. Reward power is enjoyed by channel when he gets appreciated for his work by industry or manufacturer. As powers can be misutilised as well, Company should always try to balance the power between different distribution channel members. Channel Integration- Sales and Distribution Management Prepared by: Pankaj Jain- 31 Vishal Babuta-63 Rohit Khanna-72 October 2010 PTPGPM Batch